History (meaning the recording of events over time) is the systematic study of the human past. It relies on collecting and analyzing sources and evidence to construct a coherent narrative about past civilizations and societies. Types of history: 1. Political history – the development of states, wars, and leaders. 2. Social history – the daily lives of people and their culture. 3. Economic history – commercial, agricultural, and industrial activities. 4. Intellectual history – the development of ideas and doctrines. 5. Military history – armed conflicts and their strategies. Major historical periods: Prehistory (before writing), Ancient times (such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome), the Middle Ages (from the fall of Rome to the Renaissance), the Modern era (from the 15th century to the Industrial Revolution), and the Contemporary era (from the 20th century to the present). Methods of studying history: Critical analysis of sources (documents, artifacts, and oral traditions), comp

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